The Eglinton Tournament of 1839 was a re-enactment of a medieval joust and revel held in Scotland on Friday 30 August.[1]
It was funded and organized by Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, and took place at Eglinton Castle, near Kilwinning in Scotland. The Queen of Beauty was Georgiana Sheridan, the wife of Edward Seymour, 12th Duke of Somerset and sister of noted author Caroline Norton. Many distinguished visitors took part, including the future Napoleon III of France.
Widely publicized and open to the public, it was a deliberate set piece of Romanticism, in the face of widespread social and ideological upheaval experienced by Europe during the 1830s. A hugely popular and significant phenomenon (planned for 4,000 people, it drew 100,000 spectators; significant impact on attitudes to gothic revival; gigantic boost to local economy), the Eglinton Tournament is primarily famous today by way of the ridicule poured on it by those of politically late Whig/Liberal motivation and by many of their successors today. Problems were caused by rainstorms of freak severity. And yet it would be untrue to claim that period critics were necessarily absolute in their condemnation: “Whatever opinion may be formed of the success of the Tournament, as an imitation of ancient manners and customs, we heard only one feeling of admiration expressed at the gorgeousness of the whole scene, considered only as a pageant. Even on Wednesday, when the procession was seen to the greatest possible disadvantage, the dullest eye glistened with delight as the lengthy and stately train swept into the marshalled lists". (Aikman 1839). Despite contemporary ridicule being better remembered today than its successes, it was a real tournament, participants having attended regular training during the course of the year prior. Indeed, when one high spirited combat exceeding these regulations it so stood out for doing so that it was soundly mocked in the press for the enthusiastic violence of the participants.
To understand the actual significance of the phenomenon of the Eglinton Tournament one must understand that it was not an event lasting just a few days: the years of planning, the numerous training sessions before a private audience in St John’s Wood and very public promenading in Regent’s Park before and after these practices, the many works of art both commissioned for and inspired by the Eglinton Tournament, a number of which were copied industrially to satisfy widespread enthusiasm for the event all had a significant effect on public feeling throughout Britain and no small effect on the course of 19th century gothic revivalism. The Eglinton Tournament, had been far more ambitious than previous tournament festivals in Europe since the rise of neo-gothic revival in the 1750s, not just in size, but in terms of its efforts to achieve an exercise that reflected ever more accurate perceptions of the past. In this way, the massive and ambitious Eglinton Tournament, via events of ever increasing attention to archaeological accuracy such as the lavish Tournament of Brussels in 1905, was an important and pioneering stage in a continuum that has resulted in the educational and entertainment industry of multi-period Historical reenactment of the present. It is true that many features of the tournament were inspired by specifics from the tournament conjured by Sir Walter Scott's novel Ivanhoe rather than from primary evidence but the Eglinton “tournament was attempting to be a living re-enactment of the literary romances” (Watts, 2009) and not an early exercise in experimental archaeology.
In Eglinton’s own words “I am aware of the manifold deficiencies in its exhibition — more perhaps than those who were not so deeply interested in it; I am aware that it was a very humble imitation of the scenes which my imagination had portrayed, but I have, at least, done something towards the revival of chivalry”. (Literary Gazette, 1831:90).
That Eglinton's project still has such power to move, and was followed by equally grand (and more historically accurate) efforts in the last century and is now an ancestor to today's growth industry of 'Living History' is especially interesting given Lord Eglinton's own over-modest evaluation of his efforts' impact when he wrote "I cannot hope that this attempt of mine will be followed".
It is also generally neglected that the event successfully brought incredible sums of money (one contemporary source estimated as much as £500,000) to the area around Irvine in Ayrshire. The only person to have made an actual loss was Lord Eglinton himself who none can claim to have set out to profit from the project anyway. (Watts, 2009) The Earl's grand-daughter, Viva Montgomerie recalls in her memoirs that due to the tournament the family resources had been badly degraded, believing that he had spent most of the wealth of the estate.[2]
Contents |
The Gothic Revival and the rise of Romanticism of the late 18th and early 19th centuries were an international phenomenon. Medieval-style jousts, for example, were regularly held in Sweden between 1777 and 1800.[3] Gothic novels, such as The Castle of Otranto, by Horace Walpole (1717–1797) and the many works of Sir Walter Scott popularised the idea of passionate romanticism and praise of chivalric ideals. Walpole himself was one of the first in England to renovate his mansion into a mock-Gothic castle, Strawberry Hill (1749–1777).
Medieval culture was widely admired as an antidote to the modern enlightenment and industrial age.[4] Plays and theatrical works (such as Ivanhoe, which in 1820 was playing in six different productions in London alone)[5] perpetuated the romanticism of knights, castles, feasts and tournaments. Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840) of Germany painted magnificent Gothic ruins and spiritual allegories. Jane Austen (1775–1815) wrote her novel Northanger Abbey (written 1798, published 1817) as a satire on romantic affectation.
The Montgomerie family had a romantic tale of chivalry which bound them to the idea of a revival of such ideals, this being the acquisition of the pennon and spear of Harry Hotspur, aka Sir Henry Percy, at the Battle of Otterburn[6] by a Montgomerie. The price for Hotspur's release was the building of the castle of Polnoon in Eaglesham, Renfrewshire for the Montgomeries. It is said that the Duke of Northumberland, head of the Percy family, made overtures for the return of the pennon in 1839 and was given the answer, "There's as good lea land at Eglinton as ever there was at Chevy Chase (Otterburn); let Percy come and take them."[7][8]
In 1838 Whig Prime Minister Lord Melbourne announced that the coronation of Queen Victoria would not include the traditional medieval-style banquet in Westminster Hall. Seeking to disempower the monarchy in particular and romantic ideology and politics in general was a normal activity for the Whig party, so, in the face of recession, the more obviously anachronistic parts of the coronation celebrations would be considered an extravagance. Furthermore, memories of embarrassing mishap at George IV's Westminster Hall banquet were still fresh;[9] uproar having resulted when, at the end of the proceedings, people tried to obtain valuable tableware as souvenirs. King William IV had cancelled his banquet to prevent a repeat.[10] Although there was some popular support for government refusal to hold the traditional event, there were "many complaints and various public struggles, as well as on the part of the antiquaries, as on that of the tradesmen of the metropolis".[11] Critics referred to Victoria's slimmed-down coronation scornfully as "The Penny Crowning".[11] Despite attempts to achieve economies, contemporary accounts point out that Victoria's coronation in fact cost £20,000 more than that of George IV. Nevertheless, her coronation did feature an innovation: the procession from the palace to Westminster Abbey, which was very popular.[12] However, it was not just the ancient Great Feast itself which had been cancelled but also other rituals which traditionally were not paid for by the state anyway such as the throwing down of the gauntlet by the Queen's Champion, and his symbolic presentation to her of two falcons. "Obeisance to the past was in 1839 was not just a fad; for some, it was an urgent need". Lord Eglinton’s own stepfather, Sir Charles Montolieu Lamb, 2nd Baronet, as Knight Marshal of the Royal Household, would have led his horse into the Great Hall of Westminster as part of one of these colourful and widely loved rituals. On August 4, 1838, the "Court Journal" printed a rumour that Archibald William Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton, was going to host a great jousting tournament at his castle in Scotland.[13] It has been speculated that it was Sir Charles or his son[14] who suggested to Lord Eglinton that he should provide the nation with its missing rites of passage by holding a great mediaeval festival himself, but whatever the details, within a few weeks Eglinton had confirmed the rumour true.[15]
At first the suggestion was that mediaeval games would be held at the next private race meeting at Eglinton, including the ceremony of the challenge carried out by a knight clad in armour.[16]
In autumn of 1838 one-hundred and fifty prospective knights[18] met in the showroom of Samuel Pratt, a dealer in medieval armor at No. 47 Bond Street, London.[19] Many backed out when they realised the astronomical costs and difficulties, but "about forty" were determined to try regardless.[20] Pratt was to be in charge of all the arrangements, the pavilions and armour, banners, decor and costumes. He also would supply the stands, marquees and great tents for the feast and ball. Although all the armour supplied by Pratt was supposed to have been genuinely medieval, it is unclear how many of the suits actually were; the only armour that was kept track of, that of the 3rd Marquess of Waterford, on display in 1963 at Windsor Castle, is a pastiche.[21] Some of the armour used was on loan from the Tower of London and, not realising at that time that changes in diet and health since the late Middle Ages had increased average stature, it was noted with interest that mostly the suits were too small and had to be let out before they could be worn.[22] The family sold the Earl of Eglinton's own armour during the 1925 sale of the castle contents.[23]
The dress rehearsals were held in London at a garden behind the Eyre Arms, St John's Wood,[24] a tavern close to Regent's Park,[25] the last one on Saturday, July 13, 1839. Nineteen knights participated. The audience was invitation only; many of "the very elite of the most elite" (said the "Court Journal") were invited to watch, and 2,690 attended. The rehearsal went perfectly. The weather was sunny, the banners and armour and tents impressive, the jousting successful. Even critics conceded that the tournament was likely to be a fine show.[26]
Mass-production of memoribilia copies of artworks commissions for the tournament demonstrated that it was not only upper-class Britain that took notice. Tories eyed antique armour and dreamed of courtly love, and Queen Victoria twice noted in her diary that she had discussed the tournament with Lord Melbourne and although her view was that the event would be a foolish amusement, the choice of Lady Seymour as Queen of Beauty was to her liking.[27] With only two months to live that tragic figure, Lady Flora Hastings, wrote in 1839 to her mother on the subject of the upcoming Eglinton Tournament, expressing her concern that one of the knights might be killed in the violent sport.[28]
On the other hand the Whigs, the social reformers, and the Utilitarians expressed outrage at such a fantasy at a time when the economy was in a shambles, when poverty was rampant and many workers were starving. Emotions ran high, with satirical cartoons, insults and passions aroused on both sides, the Whigs calling the Tories wastrels and the Tories calling the Whigs heartless. Whatever Eglinton's original intent, the tournament was symbolic of romantic defiance in the face of the spirit of revolution that was frightenting so much of old guard Europe during the second quarter of the 19th century.[29]
There were some problems with the planning and location of the tournament. Eglinton Castle, eight miles from the west coast of Scotland in Ayrshire, was imitation Gothic, an 18th-century Georgian mansion with battlements and turrets added.[32] The near-coastal mountainous terrain was prone to frequent, torrential rains.[33]
The Tournament was held on a meadow or holm at a loop in the Lugton Water. The ground chosen for the tournament was low, almost marshy, with grassy slopes rising on all sides.[34] The Knights on horseback and their retinue reached the tilt yard ('C' on the map) via an enclosed ride ('G' on the map), whilst the guests and visitors made their way to the stands via the route marked 'F' on the map illustrated. Both groups crossed over the three arched Gothic Eglinton Tournament Bridge. An 1837 map of Eglinton Castle, Grounds and Tilt yard shows that the tilt yard was already in extistence at this early date, but it is not recorded what its fate was after the tournament was over.[35]
Lord Eglinton announced that the public would be welcome; he requested medieval fancy dress, if possible, and tickets were free but would have to be applied for. Expecting a healthy turnout — the Eglinton race meetings generally got local audiences of up to 1500 — he made arrangements for grandstands for the guests and comfortable seating for the expected crowd of about 4000. He notified the press (The Times, the Morning Post, the Court Gazette, and "the other important or popular journals") of the offer of free tickets to all.[36]
The response returned from across the social spectrum: readers of the Bath Figaro, the Cornish Guardian, the Sheffield Iris, the Wisbech Star in the East and many other newspapers — readers "from every county in the British Isles" — applied to Lord Eglinton for tickets. Through the month of August letters came by the hundreds into Castle Eglinton requesting tickets for parties of twenty, fifty, a hundred people.
A scrapbook of nearly a thousand of these letters still survives, filled with pleas, anecdotes, promises of medieval dress, and assertions of Tory sympathies. Lord Eglinton accepted the challenge, issued the requested tickets and planned for a vastly larger effort.[37]
With a turnout two orders of magnitude greater than expected (the final estimate was a crowd of one hundred thousand),[38] area transportation — even though recently modernised — and lodgings were overwhelmed. The nearby town of Irvine had only one hotel. Private homes were able to charge very high prices to take in the tourists.[39] On the morning of the tournament the roads to Eglinton Castle were quickly jammed. The road from Ayr to Glasgow (thirty miles long) was filled end to end, and every approach was blocked by abandoned carriages, their owners continuing on foot.[40] The railway from Ayr to Irvine charged thrice the normal fee; people fought for the tickets, as it was the only transport guaranteed to deposit them only a few miles from the castle.[41] Some poor folk without lodgings are said to have spent the first night beneath the grandstand or even in hollow tree-trunks.[42] The situation must have born a striking resemblance to infamous transport and accommodation problems experienced in 1969 at the Woodstock Festival.
The final difficulty was the great parade of knights that was supposed to open the tournament at noon. The knights had had little practice mounting their horses and took a long time to get prepared. Then each knight and his entourage (forty different groups) was supposed to ride to the castle, pick up a lady, officer or knight, and return to the lists. But there was only one drive to and from the castle, so that the knights had to jostle back and forth past and through each other. There had been no arrangement for parade control, and the knightly gridlock took hours longer to unfold than had been planned. By the time the parade was ready, it was a half mile long and over three hours late.[43]
The intended day was August 29, but steady rain caused a postponement.
The opening parade comprised forty knights, each with his own entourage who were to ride to the castle, picked up a lady, officer or knight, and returned to the lists, the pictureseque estate drive being lined with thousands of spectators.
Elaborate rehearsals and training in St John’s Wood had not prepared participants for the crowded and already sodden conditions on the day and the opening parade took three hours longer than planned to marshal.[43]
Although the day had dawned clear and fine, as the knights and their entourages struggled to organise the parade the sky began to darken. Just at the moment when the parade was finally arranged — just as Lady Seymour, the Queen of Beauty, was heralded by trumpets — there was a flash of lightning, a great crash of thunder, and the black clouds of Ayrshire let loose with a sudden and violent rainstorm.[44]
Lord Eglinton immediately ordered the ladies into carriages,[45] but the knights and their entourages, soon soaked in the squall and covered in mud, marched into the lists down a parade route lined by the umbrella bearing audience. Ridicule concerning this issue is most inconsistent: some sometime those in costume are put to criticism for seeking to protect their silks and plumes with from the elements (Anstruther makes fun of Charles Stewart, 3rd Marquess of Londonderry for using ”a gigantic green umbrella.”[46]) and sometimes precisely for not doing so (as when the same author carps that few had brought overcoats or umbrellas, despite most were in expensive costumes. ^ a b Anstruther, p. 203).
The tiltyard was designed by Samuel Luke Pratt, with stands to hold 2,000.[47] Pratt's grandstand roof, was a work of art in splendid scarlet, but, after days of rain and now in a new rainstorm of freek severity, it started to leak badly.
Unsurprisingly, the unmanageably large crowds did not return on the second day.
The "knights" who participated in the tournament were, apart from Eglinton
After the tournament Lord Eglinton appeared in the lists, apologised for the rain, and announced that, weather permitting, they would try to joust again the next day or the next. Then he announced to the special guests in the grandstand that the medieval banquet and ball that evening would have to be cancelled as banquetting tents had also succombed to the weather.[50]
The rains had flooded the Lugton Water, which ran around the Lists on three sides. No carriages could cross it, so the entire audience, apart from Eglinton's personal guests, was stranded without transportation.[51] They had to walk miles through the rain and the mud to nearby villages, where only the first people found any food, drink, accommodation or transport.[52]
It did however succeed in publicity terms. "Perhaps the most spectacular manifestations of the Medievalist movement were the Grand Tournaments; historical pageants featuring elaborate ceremonies, costumes, sets, re-enactments of battles and jousting displays. Between 1750 and 1839 at least eighteen of these events were staged throughout Europe, the final being the Eglinton Tournament. This event stands as one of the most glorious and infamous follies of the 19th century. Although a torrential downpour resulted in the 'knights' and their mounts struggling through mud and sleet, all but invisible to the enormous crowd, Eglinton struck a sympathetic chord in the Victorian imagination. It served to whet the public’s appetite for medieval martial spectacle, and this was partly appeased by a 'Tournament and Siege' produced at Astley’s Amphitheatre a few weeks later."[53] William Gilmor of Baltimore, who was there, the next year introduced tourneys in the USA.[54]
The Eglinton Trophy or Eglinton Testimonial is a Gothic style one metre high silver centrepiece presented to the 13th Earl of Eglinton by friends and admirers to commemorate the 'Eglinton Tournament'.
Panoramas illustrated the tournament, using long strips of painted canvas wound round a tube and slowly unwound to give a view of the event. The venue was Edinburgh in 1839 or 1840.[55]
It inspired a successor event in July 1912.[56]
A local pub was named after the event. The Tourney Inn, located at 119 Fergushill Road, Kilwinning was built in 1968 and demolished in 2008. It was designed in the shape of a twin peaked marquee and contained many internal references to the 1839 tournament.
Armour used at the tournament has been preserved in the Leeds Armoury, Kelvingrove Museum, Dean Castle and elsewhere.
The remnants of the tournament were sold off at a public auction and the glasses and crystal used in the marquees for the medieval ball and feast were sold off soon after. A ship named the 'Eglinton' was partly constructed from the wood used for the jousting arena.[57]
A mid 18th C Scottish 'Basket Hilted Back Sword', the hilt elements including a forward quillon and an oval rein aperture, from Eglinton Castle, is now in the Royal Ontario Museum.[58]
The bow used at the tournament by one of the Cochran-Patrick family of Ladyland House is preserved in the Kilwinning Abbey Tower Museum. This bow was made by David Muir of Kilwinning, using Degame wood, otherwise known as lemonwood.
The flag that flew over the castle bearing the earl's coat of arms was eventually donated to North Ayrshire Council and is now kept in the North Ayrshire Heritage Centre.
This outstanding Gothic bridge was not actually built at the time of the tournament and even the previous bridge, originally located 100 yards further up the river, had been in place for at least 25 years at the time of the tournament. The label Tournament Bridge has stuck, despite the inaccuracy. Contemporary engravings and paintings show that it was however heavily embellished with Gothic additions for the event.
As 1989 was the 150th anniversary of the tournament, the staff of the newly opened Eglinton Country Park organised a re-enactment which ran over a period of three days in August of that year.
In May 2011 East Ayrshire Council held an exhibition entitled 1839 a Gothic adventure at the Dick Institute, Kilmarnock and published a book with that title.[60] The Eglinton Trophy was loaned by the Earl of Eglinton and North Ayrshire Council for the duration.[61] Two medals produced to commemorate the 1839 exhibition were on display.[62]
The 175th anniversary of the Eglinton Tournament will be in 2014 and the North Ayrshire Heritage Centre and Eglinton Country Park are already planning events to commemorate the occasion.